O‘zbekcha qoidalar va misollar
Present Perfect o‘zbekcha: qoida va misollar
Present Perfect qoidasi, have va has bilan gap tuzish misollari. Qoidani o‘zbekcha o‘rganing va Tildon darsida yozib mashq qiling.
have/has + V3
Qachon ishlatamiz?
O'tmishda bo'lgan ish hozir ham ahamiyatli bo'lsa, have yoki has bilan fe'lning uchinchi shaklini ishlatamiz. Ishning o'zi tugagan, lekin natijasi mana shu yerda ko'rinib turibdi: uy vazifasi tayyor, kino tanish, tarelka bo'sh.
Shuning uchun bu bo'limda kun ham, soat ham aytilmaydi. Muhimi - hozir ko'rinadigan natija, ish qaysi daqiqada bo'lgani emas.
Tuzilishi
- I / you / we / they + have + V3 - yordamchi so'z have bo'lib qoladi
- he / she / it + has + V3 - yordamchi so'z has ga o'zgaradi
- V3 - fe'lning uchinchi shakli: do, did, done; see, saw, seen; eat, ate, eaten
- Oddiy fe'llarga -ed qo'shiladi: finish, finished, finished
Misollar:
- I have done my homeworkMen uy vazifamni qildim, u tayyor
- You have seen this movieSen bu kinoni ko'rgansan
- We have finishedBiz tugatdik, endi ketsak bo'ladi
- She has finished her workU (ayol) ishini tugatdi
- He has eatenU (erkak) ovqat yegan
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
She has finished her work. She have finished her work. he, she, it bilan has keladi; I, you, we, they bilan have keladi.
I have done my homework. I have did my homework. have yoki has dan keyin fe'l uchinchi shaklda turadi, shuning uchun done to'g'ri, did esa xato.
I did my homework yesterday. I have done my homework yesterday. yesterday tugagan kunni bildiradi, shuning uchun did kerak; have done yesterday bilan birga kelmaydi.
"I did my homework yesterday" kunni yopadi va orqaga qaraydi. "I have done my homework" esa hozirga qaraydi: vazifa stol ustida tayyor turibdi.
O'zingizga bitta savol bering: natija hozir ko'rinayaptimi? Ko'rinsa, have yoki has bilan uchinchi shakl kerak bo'ladi.
haven't/hasn't + V3
"Yo'q" qanday aytiladi?
not so'zi yordamchidan keyin, asosiy fe'ldan oldin turadi. Nutqda ularni deyarli har doim qo'shib aytamiz: have not - haven't, has not - hasn't.
Ma'no o'zgarmaydi, faqat teskari bo'ladi: kutilgan natija hali yo'q. Uy vazifasi tayyor emas, qo'ng'iroq kelmadi, tarelka hamon to'la.
Tuzilishi
- I / you / we / they + have not (haven't) + V3
- he / she / it + has not (hasn't) + V3
- Inkorni faqat yordamchi so'z ko'taradi; fe'lning uchinchi shakli o'zgarmaydi
- yet so'zi ko'pincha oxirida turadi va shu daqiqagacha degan ma'noni beradi
Misollar:
- I haven't finishedMen tugatmadim, ish hali qolgan
- She hasn't called me todayU (ayol) bugun menga qo'ng'iroq qilmadi
- We haven't seen this movieBiz bu kinoni ko'rmaganmiz
- He hasn't eaten yetU (erkak) hali ovqat yemagan
- They haven't visited ParisUlar hali Parijga bormagan
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
I haven't done my homework. I haven't did my homework. not dan keyin ham fe'l uchinchi shaklda qoladi: done, seen, eaten, finished.
She hasn't called me. She haven't called me. she bilan hasn't keladi, xuddi oddiy gapda has kelgani kabi.
I haven't finished. I don't have finished. not yordamchi have ning o'ziga qo'shiladi; bu yerda do kerak emas.
"I didn't finish" o'tmishdagi yopiq lahza haqida gapiradi. "I haven't finished" esa hozir haqida: ish hali meni kutib turibdi.
Gap oxiriga yet so'zini qo'shganda ma'no o'zgarmasa, demak haven't yoki hasn't kerak bo'ladi.
Have/Has ... V3?
Savol qanday beriladi?
Bu yerda yangi narsa qo'shilmaydi. Oddiy gapni olamiz va yordamchi so'zni oldinga chiqaramiz: you have done it - have you done it. Ega ikkinchi o'ringa suriladi, fe'lning uchinchi shakli esa joyida qoladi.
do yordamchisi umuman kerak emas. have va has o'zi shu vazifani bajaradi, ikkita yordamchi bitta savolga ko'plik qiladi.
Tuzilishi
- Have + I / you / we / they + V3?
- Has + he / she / it + V3?
- Uchinchi shakl qimirlamaydi: done, seen, eaten, finished
- Oldida so'roq so'zi turishi mumkin: what have you done?
Misollar:
- Have you done it?Sen buni qildingmi?
- Has she finished?U (ayol) tugatdimi?
- Have they seen it?Ular buni ko'rishganmi?
- Has he eaten breakfast?U (erkak) nonushta qildimi?
- Have you visited London?Siz Londonga borganmisiz?
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
Have you done your homework? Do you have done your homework? Bitta yordamchi yetadi; have gapni o'zi savolga aylantiradi.
Has she finished her work? Have she finished her work? she savolda ham has ni saqlaydi, xuddi oddiy gapdagidek.
What have you done? What you have done? So'roq so'zidan keyin ham yordamchi egadan oldin turadi.
"Did you see this movie?" yopiq lahza haqida so'raydi. "Have you seen this movie?" esa shu kungacha bo'lgan butun hayot haqida so'raydi, kun muhim emas.
Avval oddiy gapni tuzing, keyin have yoki has ni boshiga ko'taring. Qolgan so'zlar joyida qoladi.
Qisqa javoblar
Qanday javob beramiz?
have yoki has bilan boshlangan savolga o'sha yordamchi bilan javob beriladi. Egani va yordamchini takrorlaymiz, asosiy fe'lni esa aytmaymiz, chunki uni savolning o'zi aytib bo'lgan.
Bunday qisqa javob dangasalik emas, balki odatdagi odobli javob. Butun gapni qaytarib aytish og'ir va biroz g'alati eshitiladi.
Tuzilishi
- Yes, I / you / we / they have. No, I / you / we / they haven't.
- Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn't.
- Ijobiy javobda yordamchi qisqartirilmaydi: yes, I have deyiladi
- Inkor javobda qisqa shakl odatiy hisoblanadi: no, I haven't
Misollar:
- Yes, I haveHa, men qildim
- No, I haven'tYo'q, men qilmadim
- Yes, she hasHa, u (ayol) qildi
- No, he hasn'tYo'q, u (erkak) qilmadi
- Yes, they haveHa, ular qilishdi
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
Have you finished? Yes, I have. Have you finished? Yes, I have finished it. Qisqa javob yordamchida to'xtaydi; fe'l savoldan allaqachon ma'lum.
Has he eaten? No, he hasn't. Has he eaten? No, he haven't. Savol has bilan tuzilgani uchun javobda ham hasn't qoladi.
Has she finished? Yes, she has. Has she finished? Yes, she does. Javob savoldagi yordamchini qaytaradi, u esa does emas, has.
"Did you finish? Yes, I did." javobida did turadi. "Have you finished? Yes, I have." javobida have turadi: javobning yordamchisi doim savolning yordamchisini takrorlaydi.
Savolning birinchi so'ziga quloq soling. Have bo'lsa have, has bo'lsa has, javobning yarmi shu bilan tayyor.
ever / never
ever va never nimani bildiradi?
Ikkala so'z ham butun hayotingizga bitta katta quti sifatida qaraydi. ever shu quti ichida biror narsa bormi deb so'raydi, never esa quti bo'shligini aytadi.
ever savollarda yashaydi, never gaplarda yashaydi. never o'zida inkorni olib yurgani uchun uning yoniga haven't qo'yilmaydi.
Tuzilishi
- Have / Has + ega + ever + V3? - butun hayot haqidagi savol
- Ega + have / has + never + V3 - vaqt aytilmaydigan gap
- Ikkala so'z ham yordamchi bilan uchinchi shakl orasida turadi
- never bilan yordamchi ijobiy qoladi: I have never, I haven't never emas
Misollar:
- Have you ever been to London?Siz hech Londonda bo'lganmisiz?
- I have never seen snowMen hech qachon qor ko'rmaganman
- Has she ever tried sushi?U (ayol) hech sushi tatib ko'rganmi?
- He has never visited LondonU (erkak) hech qachon Londonga bormagan
- Have they ever met?Ular hech uchrashishganmi?
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
I have never seen snow. I haven't never seen snow. never o'zi inkor; ikkinchi inkor gapni tasdiqqa aylantirib yuboradi.
Have you ever been to London? Have you never been to London? Oddiy savolda ever ishlatiladi; never bilan savol ta'na kabi eshitiladi.
I have been to London. I have ever been to London. ever savollarda ishlatiladi; oddiy tasdiq gapda u kelmaydi.
"Did you ever see snow?" tugagan bitta davr haqida, masalan bitta qish haqida so'raydi. "Have you ever seen snow?" esa shu daqiqagacha bo'lgan butun hayot haqida so'raydi.
ever - savolni ochadigan kalit, never - javobni yopadigan qulf. Har birini o'z tomonida saqlang.
just / already / yet
Lahza haqidagi uchta so'z
just, already va yet gapning shaklini o'zgartirmaydi. Ular faqat ish shu daqiqaga qanchalik yaqinligini va uni kutgan-kutmaganimizni aytadi.
just - hozirgina degani. already - kutganimizdan oldinroq degani. yet - shu paytgacha degani va u savol hamda inkor gaplarga tegishli.
Tuzilishi
- have / has + just + V3 - bir lahza oldin bo'ldi
- have / has + already + V3 - o'ylaganimizdan oldinroq bo'ldi
- have / has ... yet? - yet savolning eng oxirida turadi
- haven't / hasn't + V3 + yet - shu paytgacha bo'lmadi
Misollar:
- I have just finishedMen hozirgina tugatdim
- He has just arrivedU (erkak) hozirgina yetib keldi
- She has already eatenU (ayol) allaqachon ovqat yegan
- Have you finished yet?Sen tugatdingmi?
- They haven't arrived yetUlar hali yetib kelishmadi
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
I have already eaten. I have eaten already yet. already tasdiq gaplarga tegishli; yet esa savol va inkor gaplarga.
Have you finished yet? Have you yet finished? yet savolning oxirida turadi, just va already esa fe'l oldida turadi.
He has just arrived. He has arrived just. just has bilan uchinchi shakl orasida turadi, gap oxirida emas.
"I just finished" oddiy fe'l bilan yopilgan daqiqani ko'rsatadi. "I have just finished" esa natijani issiq saqlaydi: ish mana shu yerda, tayyor.
just va already ni gap ichiga, fe'l yoniga qo'ying, yet ni esa oxiriga jo'nating. Shu bitta odat bu yerdagi so'z tartibi xatolarining ko'pini yo'q qiladi.
for / since
Qancha vaqtdan beri davom etyapti?
Ba'zan ish o'tmishda boshlangan va hali to'xtamagan. Uni o'lchash uchun ikkita kichik so'z bor va ular orasidagi farq juda sodda.
for yo'lning uzunligini o'lchaydi: besh yil, o'n daqiqa, uch kun. since esa yo'l boshlangan darvozani nomlaydi: may, sentabr, dushanba, 2020.
Tuzilishi
- have / has + V3 + for + vaqt davri - qancha vaqt davom etgani
- have / has + V3 + since + boshlanish nuqtasi - qachon boshlangani
- for qancha vaqt degan savolga, since qachondan beri degan savolga javob beradi
- Ikkalasi ham ishni tirik saqlaydi: oldin boshlangan va hozir ham davom etadi
Misollar:
- I have lived here for five yearsMen bu yerda besh yildan beri yashayman
- She has worked here since MayU (ayol) may oyidan beri ishlaydi
- We have known them for ten yearsBiz ularni o'n yildan beri bilamiz
- He has studied English since SeptemberU sentabrdan beri ingliz tilini o'rganadi
- I have been here for two hoursMen bu yerda ikki soatdan beri turibman
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
I have worked here for six months. I have worked here since six months. Olti oy - bu davr, shuning uchun for kerak; since esa nom yoki sanani kutadi.
She has worked here since May. She has worked here for May. May - taqvimdagi boshlanish nuqtasi, shuning uchun since kerak bo'ladi.
She has worked here since May. She works here since May. Ish may oyida boshlangan va hali davom etyapti, shuning uchun oddiy fe'l emas, has va uchinchi shakl kerak.
"I lived here for five years" besh yil tugaganini va endi boshqa joyda yashashimni bildiradi. "I have lived here for five years" esa hamon shu manzilda ekanimni bildiradi.
Gapdan savol so'rang. Javob qancha vaqt bo'lsa - for, qachondan beri bo'lsa - since.